The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Comparison of Depth Dependence of Dose and Linear Energy Transfer Spectra in Aluminum and Polyethylene
Abstract
A set of four tissue-equivalent proportional counters (TEPCs), with their detector heads at the centers of 0 (bare), 3, 7 and 9-inch-diameter aluminum spheres, were flown on Shuttle flight STS-89. Five such detectors at the centers of polyethylene spheres were flown 1 year earlier on STS-81. The results of dose-depth dependence for the two materials convincingly show the merits of using material rich in hydrogen to decrease the radiation exposure to the crew. A comparison of the calculated galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) absorbed dose and dose-equivalent rates using the radiation transport code HZETRN with nuclear fragmentation model NUCFRG2 and the measured GCR absorbed dose rates and dose-equivalent rates shows that they agree within root mean square (rms) error of 12.5 and 8.2%, respectively. However, there are significant depth-dependent differences in the linear energy transfer (LET) spectra. A comparison for trapped protons using the proton transport code BRYNTRN and the AP-8 MIN trapped-proton model shows a systematic bias, with the model underpredicting dose and dose-equivalent rates. These results show the need for improvements in the radiation transport and/or fragmentation models.
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The use of shielding materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been extensively explored as environmental radiation protection in space.
“Therefore, while the use of shielding materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been extensively explored as environmental radiation protection in space (8–11), StemRad and Lockheed Martin worked to create a low-mass emergency countermeasure solution in the form of a personal radiation shielding garment, termed the “AstroRad vest,” intended to be worn by astronauts during SPEs in deep”
From First evaluation of wearable radiation protection for human deep space exploration, as flown on Artemis I (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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Badhwar, G. D., & Cucinotta, F. A. (1998) · Radiation Research · doi:10.2307/3579953 · Cited by 34
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Cucinotta, F. A., Schimmerling, W., Wilson, J. W., Peterson, L. E., Badhwar, G. D., Saganti, P. B., & Dicello, J. F. (2001) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0682:srcrau]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 328
Self-citationHow Safe Is Safe Enough? Radiation Risk for a Human Mission to Mars
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Self-citationICRP Publication 123: Assessment of Radiation Exposure of Astronauts in Space
Dietze, G., Bartlett, D. T., Cool, D. A., Cucinotta, F. A., Jia, X., McAulay, I. R., Pelliccioni, M., Petrov, V., Reitz, G., & Sato, T. (2013) · Annals of the ICRP · doi:10.1016/j.icrp.2013.05.004 · Cited by 239
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Cucinotta, F. A., Kim, M.-H. Y., Willingham, V., & George, K. A. (2008) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr1330.1 · Cited by 196
Self-citationChylack, L. T., Peterson, L. E., Feiveson, A. H., Wear, M. L., Manuel, F. K., Tung, W. H., Hardy, D. S., Marak, L. J., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2009) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rr1580.1 · Cited by 168
Self-citationEvaluating shielding effectiveness for reducing space radiation cancer risks
Cucinotta, F. A., Kim, M.-H. Y., & Ren, L. (2006) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.03.011 · Cited by 153
Shavers, M. R., Zapp, N., Barber, R. E., Wilson, J. W., Qualls, G., Toupes, L., Ramsey, S., Vinci, V., Smith, G., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2004) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2003.10.051 · Cited by 116
Houri, J. M., Berger, T., Gaza, R., Hussein, H., Schwarz, S., Waterman, G., Matthiä, D., Marsalek, K., Przybyla, B., Aeckerlein, J., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adz1892 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Badhwar, G. D., & Cucinotta, F. A.
- Affiliations
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Badhwar, Gautam D.
- Venue
- Radiation Research
- Publisher
- Radiation Research Society
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 153
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0033-7587 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-5404
- OpenAlex
- W2177011392
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Radiation Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Keywords
- galactic cosmic rays, linear energy transfer spectra, tissue equivalent proportional counter, aluminum spheres, polyethylene spheres, astronaut radiation exposure, HZETRN, trapped protons, radiation transport models
- MeSH terms
- Aluminum, Cosmic Radiation, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Materials Testing, Models, Theoretical, Protons, Radiation Protection, Radiometry, Space Flight, Time Factors, Linear Energy Transfer, Polyethylene
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